DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
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Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah
kata-kata kalimat yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara.
Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) ialah
kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang
lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan bila kita ingin
melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.
Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :
I.
Statement (pernyataan)
II.
Command (perintah)
III.
Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu
dari Direct ke Indirect Speech :
1.
To be & Auxiliary Verbs
Direct
Indirect
Am/is/are
-
was/were
Shall/will
-
should/would
Can
-
could
May
-
might
Must
Have/has
to
- had
to
Ought to
2.
Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)
Direct
Indirect
now
- then
tomorrow
- the following
day
next
week
- the following
week
tonight
- that night
today
- that day
yesterday
- the day before
last
night
- the night
before
last
week
- the week
before,
the precious week
here
- there
this
- that
these
- those
3.
Tenses
Direct
Indirect
Simple
present
- simple past
Simple
past
- past perfect
Present
perfect
Present
continous
- past continous
Present
perfect continous - past
perfect continous
Simple
future
- past future
I.
STATEMENT
Dalam
Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai
penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang
dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect
statement ialah :
He said
He said
to
me
that + reported words
He told
me
e.g - Mary told her friends
“I have been to Bali twice.”
- Mary
told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.
-
Father said “I am going out of town tomorrow”
-
Father said that he was going out of town the following day.
-
Mary told John “my father warned me last night”
-
Mary told John that her father had arned her the night before.
-
My sister said to me “I don’t like tennis”
-
My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis.
-
Tom said “I didn’t go to school this morning”
-
Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning.
Apabila
kalimat pengantarnya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense, maka kalimat yang
dilaporkan tidak mengalami perubahan.
e.g - John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”
- John
says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow
-
Mary says “I have seen that film”
-
Mary says that she has seen that film.
-
My brother says “I met Tom at the party last night”
-
My brother says that he met Tom at the party last night.
-
Tom says “I don’t like English”
-
Tom says that he don’t like English.
II.
COMMAND
Command
dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1.
Positive Command
Dalam
perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat
perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang
dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
He asked me
He
told me
e.g - He asked me
“Open your book”
- He
asked me to open my book.
-
Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane”
-
Mary told me to stop talking to Jane.
-
Mother asked John “Pay attention to what I say”
-
Mother asked John to pay attention to what she says.
-
John told Mary “Wait until I come”
-
John told Mary to wait until he comes.
-
The teacher said to the students “Be quiet while I am talking”
-
The teacher told the students to be quiet while she is talking.
2.
Negative Command
Dalam
perintah negatif kita tambahkan not to di depan perintah
yang dilaporkan.
e.g - Mary told John
“Don’t wait for me”
- Mary
told John not to wait for her.
-
I told him “Don’t mention it to anyone”
-
I told him not to mention it to anyone.
-
Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”
-
Father asked her not to go there alone.
-
Ira asked Tom “Don’t come to my house again”
-
Ira asked tom not to come to her house again.
-
Mothers asked John “Don’t smoke too much”
-
Mother asked John not to smoke too much.
III.
QUESTION
Bila
pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti ; Where,
When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut
digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang
dilaporkan berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :
He asked me where
When etc.
e.g - The man asked me
: “Where do you live ?”
- The
man asked me where I lived.
-
John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”
-
John asked Mary why she got angry with him.
-
I asked him : “When did you get back from your trip ?”
-
I asked him when he had got back from his trip.
-
He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
-
He asked me how I would go there.
-
John asked the girl : “What is your name ?”
-
John asked the girl what her name was.
Bila
pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan
pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita
menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah) sebagai
penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.
e.g - The boy asked
John : “Does Mary live near
here?”
- The
boy asked John if Mary lived near there.
-
The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
-
The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.
-
Mary asked me : “Did you she John at the party the night before.
-
Mary asked me whether I had seen John at the party the night before.
-
We asked them : “Will you go to the movie with us tonight ?”
-
We asked them whether they would go to the movie with us that night.
- Mother asked John : “Are you going to marry her
?”
-
Mother asked John if he was going to marry her.
Note
:
Baik if maupun whether dapat digunakan bergantian
IV.
REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE (Jenis Gabungan)
Bila pertanyaan
dan pernyataan digabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as
(karena) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimat pernyataan yang
dilaporkan. Dalam hal ini kalimat pernyataan tersebut dilaporkan kemudian.
Perhatikanlah contoh-contoh berikut ini :
e.g - She asked me
:”What is the time ?”, my watch has stopped.
- She
asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped.
-
Ira asked John :”what is the matter with you ?”, You don’t look well.
-
Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well.
-
I asked her :”How long have you been studying English ?”, Your accent is very
good.
-
I asked her how long she had been studying English as he her accent
was very good.
-
He told me :”I am off to the movie,” Where are you going ?”
-
He told me that he was off to the movie and asked me where I was
going.
- She said :”It is cold inside,” Is the window
open ?
-
She said that it was cold inside and asked if the window was open.
Bila
dalam pertanyaan langsung disertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita
menggunakan kata but sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No
dan kata and sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban Yes.
e.g - He asked me
:”Will you go out wiith me ?” No, I won’t.
-
He asked me if I would go out with him but I said I wouldn’t.
-
Mother asked John :”Have you had lunch ?” No, I haven’t.
-
Mother asked John if he had had lunch but he said he hadn’t.
-
She asked me :”Can you meet me tomorrow ?” No.
-
She asked me if I could meet her the following day but I said I
couldn’t.
-
I asked her :”Do you like vegetables ?” Yes, I do.
-
Is asked her if she liked veggetables and she said she did.
- Mary asked John :”Did you phone me last night
?” Yes, I did.
-
Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he
had.
-
Father asked me :”Are you going to the movie tonight ?” Yes.
-
Father asked me if I was going to the movie that night and I said I
was.
Direct & Indirect with Auxiliaries
Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries
Direct
Indirect
Was/were
- had been
can
- could
may
- might
must
& have
to
- had to
must
not
- wasn’t
to/musn’t
needn’t
- didn’t have to
e.g - Mary said :” I was
sick yesterday.”
-
Mary said that she had been sick the day before.
-
The man asked me :” Can you speak English ?”
-
The man asked me if I could speak English.
-
Mary said to John :”You may come to my house tomorrow.”
-
Mary said to John that she might come to his house the following day.
-
Mother told John :”You must study harder if you want to pass the exam.”
-
Mother told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the exam.
-
The police told me :” You must not drive without license.”
-
The police told me that I wasn’t to drive without license.”
-
The teacher told them :”You needn’t hurry.”
-
The teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry.
PERUBAHANTENSIS
Direct
Speech
a.Simple Present TenceRumus :
S + V1 +
OS + Tobe(is,am,are) + adj/noun
b.Present Continous TenceRumus :
S +
Tobe(is,am,are) + V
ingc.Simple Past TenceRumus :
S + V2S +
Tobe(is,am,are) + adj
d.Present Perfect TenceRumus :
S + Have/has
+ V3
e.Present Perfect Continous TenceRumus :
S + Have/has + been + V
ing.
f. Present Feature TenceRumus :
S +
Will/Shall + V1 + O
g.Be going ToRumus
:
S +
Tobe(is,am,are) + goingto + V1
SAY=DOES SAYS=DID SAID=TENSIS,KT GNT ORG,KT.WKT/TMPSAYS=KT GNT ORG
PERUBAHANTENSIS
Indirect Speech
a.Simple Past TenceRumus :
S + V2 + OS
+ Tobe(was/were) + adj/noun
b.Past Continous TenceRumus :
S + Tobe (was/were) + V
Ing
c.Past Perfect TenceRumus :
S + Had +
V3
d.Past Perfect TenceRumus :
S + Had +
V3
e.Past Perfect Continous TenceRumus :
S + Had + been + V
ing.
f. Past Feature TenceRumus :
S +
Would/Should + V1 + O
g.Be going ToRumus
:
S + Was/Were + going to + V1I YouWe
HAVE/WERETheySheHe HAS/WAS
Direct speech
Look at these examples of direct speech.
Trevor: I'm tired.
Wasn't it Greta Garbo who said, 7 want to be alone'?
'But I don't love you, Henry,' replied Claire.
We can show that words are direct speech by putting them
in quotation marks (''). See page 373. Sometimes the
words are put after the speaker's name, in the script of
a
play or film, for example. In a picture we can put the
words in a speech bubble.
The actress Melissa Livingstone and
supermarket owner Ron Mason
have announced that they are
getting married next month.
Melissa is sure they will be happy
together, she told reporters.
B Reported speech
In reported speech we give the meaning of what was said
rather than
the exact words.
Trevor says he's tired.
Wasn't it Greta Garbo who said that she wanted to be
alone?
Claire replied that she didn't love Henry.
In reported speech we often change the actual words, e.g.
'I'm tired' —> he's tired.
Sometimes the verb tense changes, e.g. / want —>
she wanted (see Unit 134).
In reporting we use verbs such as announce, answer,
explain, mention, promise, reply, say, suggest, tell.
warn. The most common of these are say and tell (see
C). We can also report thoughts. We think the
meal was expensive. Nick knew Rita wanted to be with
someone else.
When we report statements, we often use that, but
we can sometimes leave it out.
You promised (that) you wouldn't be late. Sarah was
saying (that) there's a problem.
C Tell or say?
TELL
We use tell if we want to mention the hearer
(the person spoken to).
Sarah's boss told her she could leave early.
NOT -Sarah's boss told she-could leave-early.
Daniel tells me he's ready. We use tell
without an indirect object (e.g. her, me) only in
the expressions tell a story, tell the truth and
tell a lie.
SAY
When we do not mention the hearer, we use say.
Sarah's boss said she could leave early.
NOT Sarah's boss-said her she could leave early.
Daniel says he's ready.
We sometimes use to after say, especially when
the words are not reported.
The boss wanted to say something to Sarah.
What did Matthew say to you?
Direct speech
Look at these examples of direct speech.
Trevor: I'm tired.
Wasn't it Greta Garbo who said, 7 want to be alone'?
'But I don't love you, Henry,' replied Claire.
We can show that words are direct speech by putting them
in quotation marks (''). See page 373. Sometimes the
words are put after the speaker's name, in the script of
a
play or film, for example. In a picture we can put the
words in a speech bubble.
The actress Melissa Livingstone and
supermarket owner Ron Mason
have announced that they are
getting married next month.
Melissa is sure they will be happy
together, she told reporters.
Reported speech: person, place and time
It's Friday afternoon. David is at Tom's flat. Tom
has decided to have a party for all his friends.
A few minutes later Nick has arrived at the flat.
Now David is reporting what Tom said. So instead
of Tom's words I'm having, David says he's having.
The next day David is talking to Harriet. Now
David is in a different place from where Tom first
told him about the party. So instead of here, he
says at his flat. And a day has passed since he
first
heard about it. It is now the day of the party. So
instead of tomorrow evening, David says this
evening.
B Changes in
reported speech
Changes from direct speech to
reported speech depend on changes in the situation.
We may have to make changes when we are reporting
something another person has said,
or when we report it in a different place or at a
different time. Here are some typical changes.
Person 1 he/she
my his/her
Place: here there, at the flat
Time: now then, at the time
today that day, on Monday, etc
yesterday the day before, the previous day
tomorrow the next/following day, on Saturday, etc
this week that week
last week an
hour ago
the week before, the previous week
an hour before/earlier
Reported speech: the tense change
A When do we change the tense?
After a past-tense verb (e.g. said), there is often a
tense change. 'It
really is cold today.' —> Vicky said it was cold.
If the statement is still up to date when we report it,
then we have a choice. We
can either leave the tense the same, or we can change it.
You said you like/liked chocolate. Claire told me
her father owns/owned a racehorse.
Sarah said she's going/she was going to Rome in
April. We can say that Sarah is
going to Rome because it is still true that she will go
there.
If the statement is no longer up to date, then we change
the tense.
Claire once told me that her father owned a
racehorse. (He may no longer
own one.)
Sarah said she was going to Rome in April (Now it is May.) Now Sarah's
trip is over, so it is no longer true that she is going
to Rome.
We usually change the tense if we think the statement is
untrue or may be untrue.
You said you liked chocolate, but you aren't
eating any. The Prime Minister
claimed that the government had made the right
decision.
B Is -> was, like -> liked, etc
Look at these examples of the tense change.
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Andrew is working.' Jessica said Andrew was working.
'The windows aren't locked.' Mark told me the
windows weren't locked.
'I've fixed the shelves.' Trevor said he'd fixed the
shelves.
'Ifs been raining.' We noticed it had been
raining.
'We've got plenty of time.' Rachel insisted they had plenty
of time.
'We like the flat.' The'couple said they liked the flat.
If the verb phrase is more than one word (e.g. is working),
then the first word changes,
e.g. is workings* was working, have
fixed had fixed, don't know ~* didn't know.
If the verb is already in the past tense, then it can
stay the same or change to the past perfect.
'We came by car.' They said they came/they had
come by car.
'Sorry. I wasn't listening! / admitted I wasn't listening/hadn't been listening.
If the
verb is past perfect, it stays the same.
'My money had run out' Daniel said his money had
run out.
C Modal verbs:
can -► could, etc
Can, may and
will change to could, might and would.
'You can sit over there.' The steward said we could
sit here.
'I may go to Bali again.' Claire said she might
go to Bali again.
'I'll help
if you like.' Tom said he would help.
Could, might, ought to, should and would stay the same. But must can
change to have to.
'Sarah would love a holiday.' Mark thought Sarah would
love a holiday.
'I must finish this report.' Sarah said she must
finish/had to finish the report.
Reported questions
A Wh-questions
We can report questions with verbs like ask, wonder or
want to know. Look first at these wh-questions.
DIRECT
QUESTION
'When did
you start acting, Melissa?'
'What's the
time?'
'Which way
is the post office?'
How can
we find out?'
'Where can
we eat?'
REPORTED QUESTION
Guy asked Melissa when she started acting.
I just asked what the time is.
Someone wants to know which way the post office
is.
I was wondering how we can find out.
They're asking where they can eat.
Wh-questions have a word like when, what, which or
how both in direct speech and in reported speech.
B Yes/no
questions
DIRECT
QUESTION
'Has the taxi arrived yet?' ~
'No, not yet' 'Can
we take photos?' ~
'Yes, of course.' 'Is there a
cafe nearby?' ~ 'No.'
Reported yes/no questions have if or whether.
REPORTED QUESTION
Someone was wondering if/whether the taxi has
arrived yet. The visitors want to know
if/whether they
can take
photos. Daniel asked if/whether there was a cafe
nearby.
Word order
In a reported
question the subject comes before the verb, as in a statement.
Guy asked Melissa when she started acting. NOT Guy asked-Melissa-when did
she start acting. Someone was wondering if the taxi
has arrived yet. NOT
Someone was wondering if has the taxi arrived yet.
Asking for information
To ask politely for information, we sometimes use a
reported question after a phrase like
Could you tell me ... ? or Do you know ... ?
Could you tell me what time the concert starts?
Do you know if there's a public phone in the building?
Have you any idea how much a taxi would cost?
Note the word order a taxi would cost (see C).
The tense change: is —► was, etc
In reported
speech there are often changes to the tense, to pronouns and so on.
This depends on changes to the situation since the words
were spoken.
For details see Units 133 and 134. Here are some examples
of the tense change.
'Whafs the problem?' 'How
much money have you
got, Vicky?'
'Does Nick
need a lift?'
'Can you
type?'
We asked what the problem was.
I was wondering how much money Vicky had.
Tom asked if Nick needed a lift.
They asked me if I could type.
Reported requests, offers, etc
A Reported orders and requests
We can use the structure tell/ask someone to do
something.
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
'Please move this car.' A policeman told me to move the
car.
'You really must be careful! Melanie is always telling
David to be careful.
'Would you mind turning the music down?' We asked our
neighbours to turn the music down.
The negative is tell/ask someone not to do something.
'You mustn't leave the door unlocked! Mr Atkins told
Mark not to leave the door unlocked.
'Please don't wear those boots in the house.' 1 asked
you not to wear those boots in the house.
We can also use the structure ask to do something.
'Can I see your ticket, please?' The inspector asked
to see my ticket.
We use ask for when someone asks to have
something.
'Can I have some brochures, please?' I asked (the
travel agent) for some brochures.
It is also possible to report an order or request like
this. A policeman told
me (that) I had to move the car. We asked our neighbours
if they would
mind turning the music down.
B Reported offers, suggestions, etc
We can use agree, offer, promise, refuse and threaten
with a to-infinitive.
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
'We'll pay for the damage! We offered to pay for
the damage.
'I'll definitely finish it by the end of next week! You promised
to finish the work by the end of this
week.
We can also use an object + to-infinitive after advise,
invite, remind and warn.
7 think you should take a taxi! Mark advised us to
take a taxi.
'Don't forget to ring me! 1 reminded David to ring me.
We can use an ing-form after admit, apologize for,
insist on and suggest.
7 really must
have a rest! Emma insisted on having a rest.
'Shall we go to a nightclub?' Claire suggested going to
a nightclub.
C Admit that, insist that, etc
We can use a clause with that after admit,
advise, agree, insist, promise, remind, suggest and warn.
Trevor admitted (that) he had forgotten the
shopping. Claire insisted (that) we all went round to her
flat for coffee. You promised (that) you would
finish the work by the end of this week. I warned you
(that) Nick's
dog is very fierce.
62 Verb + to-infinitive/ing-form 65 Verb + object +
to-infinitive
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